Although Madison tried to keep a low profile in regards to religion, he seemed to hold religious opinions, like many of his contemporaries, that were closer to deism or Unitarianism in theology than conventional Christianity. He was raised in the Church of England and attended Episcopal services, despite his personal disputes with the theology.

# James Monroe –

* Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia, and as an adult attended Episcopal churches.[20]
* "When it comes to Monroe's ...thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President." Monroe burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he discusses his religious beliefs; nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.[20] Franklin Steiner categorized Monroe among "Presidents Whose Religious Views Are Doubtful".[21]
* Some sources classify Monroe as a deist.[20]

John Quincy Adams

* Adams's religious views shifted over the course of his life. In college and early adulthood he preferred trinitarian theology, and from 1818 to 1848 he served as vice president of the American Bible Society.[23] However as he grew older his views became more typically Unitarian, though he rejected the more rationalist views of Joseph Priestley and the Transcendentalists.[23]
* He was a founding member of the First Unitarian Church of Washington (D.C.).[23] However he regularly attended Presbyterian and Episcopal services as well.[23]
* Towards the end of his life, he wrote, "I reverence God as my creator. As creator of the world. I reverence him with holy fear. I venerate Jesus Christ as my redeemer; and, as far as I can understand, the redeemer of the world. But this belief is dark and dubious."[2

* Harrison was a vestryman of Christ Episcopal Church in Cincinnati, Ohio after resigning his military commission in 1814.[31]
* Harrison died just one month after his inauguration. At Harrison's funeral, the rector at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C. said Harrison had bought a Bible one day after his inauguration and had planned to become a communicant. Steiner inferred from this account that Harrison had not been a member of any church.[32]

* He became a member of the Presbyterian Church about a year after retiring the presidency.[

* Van Buren is reported to have attended the Dutch Reformed church in his home town of Kinderhook, New York[27], and while in Washington, services at St. John's Lafayette Square[28]. However, according to Steiner there is little evidence that he ever formally joined a church. Steiner states that the sole original source to claim that he did join a church – in Hudson, New York – is Vernon B. Hampton, in Religious Background of the White House (Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1932), the basis of which Steiner was unable to verify.[21]
* His funeral was held at the Reformed Dutch Church in Kinderhook with burial in a family plot at the nearby church cemetery[29]
* Steiner lists Van Buren among those "presidents whose religious views are doubtful".

* Franklin Steiner categorized Tyler among "Presidents Whose Religious Views Are Doubtful".[21] Although affiliated with the Episcopal church, he did not take "a denominational approach to God."[34] Tyler was a strong supporter of religious tolerance and separation of church and state.